Comparisons

PPA comparisons: models and structures

Educational guides on the main PPA contractual schemes in Europe. Structural criteria, without naming any specific player.

PPA marketplace vs integrated utility: how to choose?
Integrated utility: single counterpart, strong balance sheet, large volumes. Marketplace: choice between producers, faster process, access to smaller volumes.
Physical PPA vs Virtual PPA: contractual and accounting differences
Physical PPA: real delivery, grid baselining, energy purchase accounting. vPPA: financial differential, treated as a financial instrument (EMIR / IFRS 9), with G-GOs handled separately.
Direct PPA vs sleeved PPA: what role for the supplier?
Direct PPA: fewer intermediaries, lower cost, balancing to organize. Sleeved PPA: turn-key from a supplier, with a sleeve fee on top.