European energy markets

France combines 60% low-carbon nuclear electricity, an expanding wind and solar fleet (28 GW renewable added since 2020), and one of Europe's most stable grids (RTE). Paris and Marseille data centers source 24/7 decarbonised power at €55–75/MWh via PPA.

Germany curtails 18 TWh/year of North Sea offshore wind due to insufficient north-to-south transmission. Frankfurt, Europe's #1 data center hub with 850 MW installed, can absorb that surplus via TenneT PPAs at €62–80/MWh.

With 32 GW of solar installed, Spain has become Europe's data-center PPA eldorado. Andalusia curtails 12 TWh/year, driving 10-year solar PPAs down to €48–60/MWh. AWS, Microsoft and Meta are rushing in.

Scotland produces more wind than its lines to England can carry. The result: 9 TWh/year curtailed and wind PPAs available at £65–85/MWh. Slough and Manchester are 1–2 hours from grid connection.

The Netherlands carries 28% of European Internet traffic via AMS-IX and hosts 1.2 GW of data centers around Amsterdam. The TenneT NL grid is saturated, but Eemshaven (north) offers 4 GW of available offshore wind capacity via PPA at €60–78/MWh.

The US holds 40% of the global PPA market. Texas (ERCOT) curtails 14 TWh/year of wind, Virginia hosts 70% of global internet traffic in Loudoun County. Hyperscalers sign at $28–45/MWh over 12–15 years.

Italy installed 6 GW of solar in 2025, targeting 80 GW by 2030. Sicily and Apulia curtail 4 TWh/year. Milan (Italy's #1 data center hub) and Rome open PPAs at €65–85/MWh.

Data centers already consume 21% of Ireland's electricity. Dublin froze new connections until 2028. But the west (Galway, Mayo) offers 6 GW of onshore wind available via PPA at €70–90/MWh.

Poland is exiting coal and has installed 18 GW of solar since 2020. Warsaw is becoming Central Europe's data center hub. Solar PPAs available at €58–75/MWh.

Denmark already produces 67% of its electricity from wind. Esbjerg (west coast) curtails 2 TWh/year. Microsoft, Meta and Apple have already signed 3.4 GW of PPAs at €55–70/MWh.

Norway produces 98% hydro and exports 25 TWh/year. Hydro PPAs €32–48/MWh, ideal for AI data centers (Stavanger, Lefdal, Mo i Rana).

Sweden combines 45% hydro + 30% nuclear. SE1/SE2 zones (north) at €28–42/MWh. Meta, Microsoft, AWS deployed their AI campuses here.

Finland started Olkiluoto 3 (1.6 GW nuclear) in 2023. Fingrid grid 95% decarbonised. PPAs €35–55/MWh. Google Hamina, Microsoft Espoo.

Belgium is developing Princess Elisabeth Zone (3.5 GW offshore by 2030). Elia connects 5.8 GW North Sea. PPAs €68–85/MWh.

Switzerland combines 60% Valais hydro + 30% nuclear. FINMA sovereignty for finance. Hydro PPAs CHF 78–98/MWh.

Austria runs on 60% hydro and 25% renewable. Burgenland solar €62–82/MWh. Trade bridge between West and CEE.

Portugal installs 1.5 GW/year of solar. Alentejo at €42–58/MWh via REN. Sines is becoming an Atlantic data center hub (Start Campus).

Czechia generates 40% of its electricity from nuclear (Temelín, Dukovany). South Bohemia solar is emerging. PPAs €62–80/MWh.

Romania combines 28% hydro + 18% nuclear (Cernavodă) + Dobrudja solar. Hydro PPAs €55–72/MWh via Transelectrica.

Greece installs 2 GW/year of solar (Peloponnese, Crete). IPTO PPAs €50–68/MWh. Microsoft announced a €1B Athens data center hub.

Hungary generates 48% nuclear (Paks). Alföld solar emerging. MAVIR PPAs €60–78/MWh.

Iceland delivers 100% renewable (70% hydro + 30% geothermal). Landsvirkjun signs long-term PPAs at €28–42/MWh.

Estonia is exiting oil shale and deploying 2 GW of Baltic wind. Elering grid, PPAs €58–75/MWh.

Luxembourg concentrates Tier-IV finance data centers (SES, EBRC). Gas + FR/DE green imports. PPAs €70–88/MWh.